Charlotte Forten Grimké Abolitionist Teacher

Charlotte Forten Grimkà © was known for her writings about the schools in the Sea Islands for former slaves and she was a teacher at such a school. Grimkà © was an antislavery activist, poet, and wife of prominent black leader Rev. Francis J. Grimkà ©. She was an influence on Angelina Weld Grimkà ©. Occupation:  Teacher, clerk, writer, diarist, poetDates:  August 17, 1837 (or 1838) – July 23, 1914Also known as: Charlotte Forten, Charlotte L. Forten, Charlotte Lottie Forten Education Higginson Grammar School, Salem, Massachusetts, graduated 1855Salem Normal School, graduated 1856, teaching certificate Family Mother: Mary Virginia Wood Forten, died 1840Father: Robert Bridges Forten, sailmaker, died 1865; son of James Forten and Charlotte Vandine FortenSiblings: Wendell P. Forten, Edmund L. Forten (ages 3 and 1 respectively in the 1850 census)Husband: Rev. Francis James Grimkà © (married December 9, 1878; Presbyterian minister and civil rights activist; son of a white slaveholder and his slave mistress; nephew to abolitionist and feminist activists Sarah and Angelina Grimkà ©)Daughter: Theodora Cornelia, January 1, 1880, died later that year Family Background Charlotte Forten was born into a prominent African American family in Philadelphia.  Her father, Robert, was the son of James Forten (1766-1842), was a businessman and antislavery activist who was a leader in Philadelphia’s free black community, and his wife, also named Charlotte, identified in census records as â€Å"mulatto.†Ã‚  The elder Charlotte, along with her three daughters Margaretta, Harriet and Sarah, were founding members of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society along with Sarah Mapps Douglass and 13 other women; Lucretia Mott and Angelina Grimkà © were later members of the biracial organization as was Mary Wood Forten, Robert Forten’s wife and mother of the younger Charlotte Forten.  Robert was a member of the Young Men’s Anti-Slavery Society who, later in life, lived for a time in Canada and England.  He made his living as a businessman and farmer. The young Charlotte’s mother Mary died of tuberculosis when Charlotte was only three. She was close to her grandmother and aunts, especially her aunt, Margaretta Follen.  Margaretta (September 11, 1806 – January 14, 1875) had taught in the 1840s at a school run by Sarah Mapps Douglass; Douglass’ mother and James Forten, Margaretta’s father and Charlotte’s grandfather, had together earlier founded a school in Philadelphia for African American children. Education Charlotte was taught at home until her father sent her to Salem, Massachusetts, where the schools were integrated.  She lived there with the family of Charles Lenox Remond, also abolitionists.  She met many of the famous abolitionists of the time there, and also literary figures.  James Greenleaf Whittier, one of those, was to become important in her life.  She also joined the Female Anti-Slavery Society there and began writing poems and keeping a diary. Teaching Career She began at Higginson school and then attended the Normal School, preparing to become a teacher. After graduation, she took a job teaching at the all-white Epes Grammar School, the first black teacher there; she was the first African American teacher hired by Massachusetts public schools and may have been the first African American in the nation hired by any school to teach white students. She became ill, probably with tuberculosis, and returned to live with her family in Philadelphia for three years.  She went back and forth between Salem and Philadelphia, teaching and then nurturing her fragile health. Sea Islands In 1862, she heard of an opportunity for teaching former slaves, freed by the Union forces on islands off South Carolina’s coast and technically â€Å"war contraband.†Ã‚  Whittier urged her to go teach there, and she set off for a position at Saint Helena Island in the Port Royal Islands with a recommendation from him.  At first, she was not accepted by the black students there, due to considerable class and culture differences, but gradually became more successful relating to her charges.  In 1864, she contracted smallpox and then heard that her father had died of typhoid. She returned to Philadelphia to heal. Back in Philadelphia, she began to write about her experiences. She sent her essays to Whittier, who got them published in two parts in the May and June 1864 issues of Atlantic Monthly, as â€Å"Life on Sea Islands.†Ã‚  These authors helped to bring her to the attention of the general public as a writer. â€Å"Authoress† In 1865, Forten, her health better, took a position working in Massachusetts with the Freedman’s Union Commission.  In 1869, she published her English translation of the French novel Madam Therese. By 1870, she listed herself in the Philadelphia census as â€Å"authoress.† In 1871, she moved to South Carolina, teaching at Shaw Memorial School, also founded for the education of the recently-freed slaves.  She left that position later that year, and in 1871 – 1872, she was in Washington, DC, teaching and serving as assistant principal at Sumner High School.  She left that position to work as a clerk. In Washington, Charlotte Forten joined the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church, a prominent church for the black community in DC.  There, in the late 1870s, she met the Rev. Francis James Grimkà ©, who was a newly-arrived junior minister there.   Francis J. Grimkà © Francis Grimkà © had been born a slave. His father, a white man, was a brother of the abolitionist sisters Sarah Grimkà © and Angelina Grimkà ©. Henry Grimkà © had begun a relationship with a mixed-race slave, Nancy Weston after his wife died, and they had two sons, Francis and Archibald.  Henry taught the boys to read. Henry died in 1860, and the boys’ white half-brother sold them. After the Civil War, they were supported in gaining further education; their aunts discovered their existence by accident, acknowledged them as family, and brought them to their home.   Both brothers were then educated with the support of their aunts; both graduated from Lincoln University in 1870 and Archibald went on to Harvard Law School and Francis graduated in 1878 from Princeton Theological Seminary. Francis Grimkà © was ordained as a Presbyterian minister, and, on December 9, 1878, 26-year-old Francis Grimkà © married 41-year-old Charlotte Forten. Their only child, a daughter, Theodora Cornelia, was born in 1880 on New Year’s Day and died six months later.  Francis Grimkà © officiated at the 1884 wedding of Frederick Douglass and Helen Pitts Douglass, a marriage that was considered scandalous in both black and white circles. In 1885, Francis and Charlotte Grimkà © moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where Francis Grimkà © was the minister of a church there.  In 1889 they moved back to Washington, where Francis Grimkà © became the lead minister of the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church where they had met.   Later Contributions Charlotte continued publishing poetry and essays.  In 1894, when Francis’ brother Archibald was appointed counsel to the Dominican Republic, Francis and Charlotte were legal guardians to his daughter, Angelina Weld Grimkà ©, who was later a poet and a figure in the Harlem Renaissance and wrote a poem dedicated to her aunt, Charlotte Follen. In 1896, Charlotte Forten Grimkà © helped to found the National Association of Colored Women. Charlotte Grimkà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s health began to deteriorate, and in 1909 her weakness led to a virtual retirement. Her husband remained active in the early civil rights movement, including the Niagara movement, and was a founding member of the NAACP in 1909.  In 1913, Charlotte had a stroke and was confined to her bed.  Charlotte Forten Grimkà © died on July 23, 1914, of a cerebral embolism. She was buried at Harmony Cemetery in Washington, DC. Francis J. Grimkà © survived his wife by almost twenty years, dying in 1928.

Discovering a Culture through Magical Realism Essay

Discovering a Culture through Magical Realism Every culture has a memorable type of literature. When one thinks of English literature, one thinks of William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens. The American writers Thoreau, Clemens, and Emerson bring to mind the days when America was still proving herself to be equal to the European countries. France had her own artists, such as Voltaire and Hugo, as did Spain with Cervantes and Dante. However, when one thinks of Latin America, what writers come to mind? Very few of these authors are as well known as those mentioned. However, through the concept of a previously unknown literature, the world is viewing Latin America in a new light. Magical Realism seems to have flourished in the warm,†¦show more content†¦Europe once cast out America, the world once cast out Germany and Austria, and the literary world once cast out Latin America. This culture, just like so many others, was criticized to extreme levels and yet prevailed to bring to the world this remarkable new literary movement: Magical Realism. The purpose and definition of Magical Realism are not easily reached as so many writers disagree upon so many aspects. For instance, Roh believes Magical Realism takes an aspect of society, usually overlooked, and adds a special essence that makes one truly appreciate the beauty of life (17). Roh states, â€Å"The point is not to discover the spirit beginning with objects, but...to discover objects beginning with the spirit† (24). As Leal points out, Flores gives no definition or purpose specifically in his text. Flores does, however, discuss many examples of Magical Realism and recites lines from the works to exemplify how different each work is. Leal states in his work: In magical realism key events have no logical or psychological explanation. 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The Minimum Wage and Why we Should Leave It Essay Example For Students

The Minimum Wage and Why we Should Leave It Essay When was the last time a value meal from McDonald, let alone any other fast food chain, did not cost five dollars or more? When was the last time premium gas was under a dollar a gallon? Its hard to remember, isnt it? Wouldnt it be great if everything cost a nickel, like back in the good ol days? According to the laws of economics, its not logical for things to have gotten more expensive competition should drive prices down. Then why have prices continued to rise over the years? The continuing demand of more money for less work has forced Uncle Sam to raise the minimum wage innumerable times in the last half century, which results in higher prices for the rest of us. Another raise in the minimum wage would, as all the others before it, raise prices for consumers, which would again result in another demand for a raise in the minimum wage. Its a viscous cycle that must be stopped before it loses control. Not only does a raise in minimum wage result in a raise in the cost of living, it also causes the dismissal of hardworking people who are happy with their current income. When the firing axe starts to fall, seniority often determines who goes and who stays. The more a single employee costs a business an hour, the fewer employees the business can afford to employee an hour. This results in the dismissal of employees to compensate for a raise in labor costs, which creates a smaller staff, which results in slipshod service. Although most reasonable people would rather pay more for better service, the plain fact of the matter is that the service hasnt really gotten any better. The service is better than it was when there werent enough employees so people assume the service itself has gotten better, while the truth is that the service is just as haphazard as before. The laborers are simply replaced because of a need for more employees, more often than not by people who have never worked in those positions before. By having a staff that is constantly fluctuating, the business hurts itself the service is hurt because the new employees are in need of training, and in the end it is us, the consumers, who feel the real pain The pain we experience is that of rising costs in the market its that sharp pain we feel every time we reach for our wallet, but it is in no way as painful as the fact that we give bonuses for no reason in the form of raises in the minimum wage. The argument that minimum wage should be raised says people need more money to make a living in a world of ever rising costs. The truth is that they, the people who demand more money, are the ones raising the cost of living. Some would say that the high cost of living is brought about by the devaluation of the dollar and the effects of inflation. Truth be told, inflation is also caused by the flooding of the market with bills printed to pay the high costs of laborers in the market. Laborers who are comprised primarily of teens and the elderly, both of which usually have an alternate form of income either in the form of parents or social security. I offer an alternative to the minimum wage. If people would respect their money and understand the value of the dollar then they would have to learn skills that would promote them in the job market. The minimum wage could be kept for the handicapped and the disabled, people who for the most part arent able to advance themselves in the working world. The most positive thing about the current minimum wage is that it is substantial enough to make teens respect their money, but also low enough to force them to save. Its been said that if we do not know our history, we will be doomed to repeat it. The argument over the minimum wage makes it abhorrently obvious that this statement is true. .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e , .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e .postImageUrl , .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e , .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e:hover , .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e:visited , .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e:active { border:0!important; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e:active , .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f3252a357200719905a4953c9f5434e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Digital Choice: Photography Today Essay The time for action is now, before we .